Nursing foundation Unit-xii ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION

                 

   UNIT- XII

         ADMINISTRATION OF                 MEDICATIONS

LONG ESSAYS

1. A. What Are the Different Routes of Administration Of Medications

B. Explain the Principles of Medication Administration

ANS. A. DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS

Route of administration is defined as selecting a way to give medication or drug into 

body. They are 4 different route of drug administration 

I. Oral 

II. Parenteral

III. Topical 

IV. Inhalation 

ORAL ROUTE 

1. Oral route: Medications are given by mouth.

2. Sublingual Administration: Some medications are readily absorbed when placed 

under the tongue to dissolve.

3. Buccal Administration: Administration of a medication by placing in the mouth 

against the mucous membranes of the cheek until it dissolves.

PARENTERAL ROUTES

Parenteral Routes: Parenteral administration involves injecting a medication into 

body tissues. 

The following are the four major sites of injection: 

1. Intradermal (ID): Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis.

2. Subcutaneous (SC): Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin. 

3. Intramuscular (IM): Injection into a muscle. 

4. Intravenous (IV): Injection into a vein.

Some medications are administered into body cavities. These additional routes include

✓ Epidural 

✓ Intrathecal 

✓ Intraosseous 

✓ Intraperitoneal 

✓ Intrapleural

✓ Intraarterial

• Epidural: Epidural medications are administered in the epidural space.

• Intrathecal: Administration of medications into subarachnoid space or one of the

ventricles of the brain.

• Intraosseous: Administration of medication directly into the bone marrow.

• Intraperitoneal: Medications administered into the peritoneal cavity

• Intrapleural: Administration of medications directly into the pleural space.

• Intraarterial: Intraarterial medications are administered directly into the arteries.

TOPICAL ROUTE

• Topical: Medications applied to the skin and mucous membranes (eye, ears, nose,

mouth, vagina, urethra, rectum).

INHALATION ROUTE

• Inhalation Route: Administer inhaled medications through the nasal and oral

passages or endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes.

B. 7 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION

1. Essential information about each drug:

• Indications for use

• Contraindications

• Therapeutic effects

• Adverse effects

• Specific administration instruction

2. Interpret prescribed orders accurately

• Drug name

• Dose

• Frequency of administration

3. Examine drug labels

• Drug name

• Concentration (mg/tablet, capsule or mL soln)

4. Accurately calculate dosages

• Ask a colleague to check

• Ask colleague to do calculations then compare your results

5. Seek information regarding pt’s medical diagnosis and condition in relation to drug

administration

• Ability to swallow po meds

• Allergies

• Contraindications

• New signs or symptoms which may indicate adverse affects of administration. Heart,

liver or kidney disorders may interfere with pt’s ability to eliminate drugs from the

body.

• Verify client identity before administering medication to the pt

6. Omit or delay doses as indicated by the client’s condition

• Report and document omissions appropriately

7. Take great care when administering drugs to children

• High risk of medication errors due to changes – in weight and age

• eg 2 kgs to 100+

• Most drugs have not been tested in children

• Many drugs are marked in dosage forms and concentrations suitable for adults

• Therefore this requires dilution, calculation, preparation and administration of very

small doses

• Children have limited sites for IV drug administration, several drugs may be given

through the same site.

• This increases the need for small volumes of fluid and flushing between sites

2. A. Explain the routes and purposes of parenteral therapies

B. Discuss nurses responsibility in IV infusion

ANS. A.PURPOSES OF PARENTERAL THERAPIES

• Diagnostic purpose: to identify any disease

• Prophylaxis: to prevent the occurrence of disease. eg:- heparin to prevent thrombosis

or antibiotics to prevent infection.

• Therapeutic purpose : to cure the disease.

A.ROUTES OF PARENTERAL THERAPIES

• Parenteral administration of medications is the administration of medications by

injection into body tissues.

• When medications are administered this way, it is an invasive procedure that is

performed using aseptic techniques

ROUTES OF PARENTERAL THERAPIES

• Intra-dermal

• Subcutaneous

• Intramuscular

• Intra Venous

• Advanced techniques:

– Epidural

– Intra-thecal

– Intra-osseous

– Intra-peritonial

– Intra-plural

– Intra-arterial

Intradermal Injections

▪ An intradermal (ID) injection is the administration of a drug into the dermal layer

of the skin just beneath the epidermis.

▪ Usually only a small amount of liquid is used, for example 0.1ml.

▪ This method of administration is frequently used for allergy testing and

tuberculosis (TB) screening.

▪ Use a tuberculin or small hypodermic syringe for skin testing.

▪ The angle of insertion for an intradermal injection is 5 to 15 degrees

▪ After injecting the medication, a small bleb resembling a mosquito bite appears

on the surface of the skin.

Subcutaneous Injections

▪ The subcutaneous injection sites include

❖ The outer posterior aspect of the upper arms

❖ The abdomen

❖ The anterior aspects of the thighs

❖ The scapular areas of the upper back

❖ The upper ventral or dorsal gluteal areas.

▪ Kinds of drugs commonly administered:

1. vaccines

2. preoperative medications

3. narcotics

4. insulin

5. heparin

▪ Only small volumes (0.5 to 1.5 mL) of medications are given subcutaneously.

▪ The angle of insertion for a subcutaneous injection is 45 degrees

Intramuscular Injections

▪ The angle of insertion for an IM injection is 90 degrees. 2 to 5 ml of medication

can be administered into a larger muscle for an adult.

▪ Sites for IM injections are

❖ Ventrogluteal

❖ Dorsogluteal

❖ Vastus Lateralis

❖ Deltoid

❖ Rectus Femoris

➢ Ventrogluteal site Injection is given to gluteus medius muscle.

▪ Position client in prone or side lying position with the knee bent and raised

slightly toward the chest.

▪ The nurse places the heel of the hand on the client’s greater trochanter, with

the fingers pointing towards the client head.

▪ Point the thumb toward the patient’s groin and the index finger toward the

anterior superior iliac spine; extend the middle finger back along the iliac crest

toward the buttock.

▪ The index finger, the middle finger, and the iliac crest form a V-shaped triangle;

the injection site is the center of the triangle.

➢ Dorsogluteal site Injection is given to the gluteus maximus muscle.

▪ Position the client in prone position.

▪ Draw an imaginary line to divide the buttocks into 4 equal quadrants.

▪ The injection site is upper outer quadrant.

➢ Vastus Lateralis

▪ The muscle is located on the anterior lateral aspect of the thigh.

▪ The land- mark is established by dividing the area between the greater

trochanter of the femur & the lateral femoral into thirds & selecting the middle

third.

➢ Deltoid Site Found on the lateral aspect of the upper arm.

▪ Locate the site by placing four fingers across the deltoid muscle, with the top

finger along the acromion process.

▪ The injection site is then three finger widths below the acromion process.

➢ Rectus Femoris it is used occasionally for IM injections. Situated on the

anterior aspect of the thigh. 

Z-Track Method in Intramuscular Injections

✓ When administering IM injections, the Z-track method be used to

minimize local skin irritation by sealing the medication in muscle tissue.

✓ The Z-track method has been found to be a less painful technique, and

it decreases leakage of irritating medications into the subcutaneous

tissue•

✓ For administering in Z-track method pull the overlying skin and

subcutaneous tissues approximately 2.5 to 3.5 cm laterally or downward

✓ Hold the skin in this position until you administer the injection.

✓ With the needle at a 90-degree angle to the site administer the medicine.

Intravenous Administration

▪ Needle is injected into the vein.

▪ Direct IV or IV push, IV infusion.

▪ This is the most rapid route of absorption of medications.

▪ Angle of insertion is 25 degree.

▪ For adults, the veins on the arm are:

❖ Basilic vein

❖ Median cubital vein

❖ Dorsal veins

❖ Median vein

❖ Radial vein

❖ Cephalic vein On the foot, the veins are;

❖ Great saphenous vein

❖ Dorsal plexus

B. NURSES RESPONSIBILITY IN IV INFUSION

Duties of the Nurse during IV Therapy

▪ Explain the need for the IV therapy, what to expect, duration of the

therapy, activities permitted during the procedure and observations to be

made.

▪ Help patient to maintain activities of daily living; bathing and grooming,

feeding etc.

▪ Observation should be made on the flow rate, patency of the tubing,

infusion site, level of fluid in the infusion bag/bottle, patient’s comfort and

reaction to therapy.

▪ Change dressing on the IV line as may be necessary

3. A. Define medication

B. Explain the rights of drug administration

C. Discuss the Nurses responsibility in drug administration

ANS. A. MEDICATION

✓ A medication is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or

relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.

✓ A drug or other form of medicine that is used to treat or prevent disease is called

medication

. B. RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Rights of Medication Administration Medication errors can be detrimental to patients.

To prevent these errors, these guidelines are - the rights- are used in drug

administration.

1. Right Patient: correct identification of the client cannot be over emphasized. This

can be done by asking the client to mention his/her full name which should be

compared with that on the identification bracelet or the patient’s folder and

medication/treatment chart for confirmation.

2. Right Medication: Beware of same and similar first and surnames to prevent the

error of administering one person’s medication to another and vice versa.

Right Medication: before administering any medicine, compare name on medication

chart/medication order with that on the medication at least 3 times-checking

medication label when removing it from storage unit, compare medication label with

that on treatment chart and medication label and name on treatment chart with

patient’s name tag.

3. Right Time: drug timing is very especially with some drugs like antibiotics,

antimalaria drugs etc. to achieve cure and prevents resistance.

Some drugs must be given on empty stomach e.g. antituberculosis drugs; and some

after meals e.g. NSAIDS-these must be noted and adhered to.

The interval of administration of drugs should also be adhered to because it is

important for many drugs that the blood concentration is not allowed to fall below a

given level and for others two successive doses closer than prescribed might increase

blood concentration to a dangerous level that can harm the patient.

4. Right Dose: This becomes very important when medications at hand are in a larger

volume or strength than the prescribed order given or when the unit of measurement

in the order is different from that supplied from the pharmacy. Careful and correct

calculation is important to prevent over or under dosage of the medication.

5. Right Route: An acceptable medication order must specify the route of medication.

If this is unclear, the prescriber should be contacted to clarify or specify it. The nurse

should never decide on a route without consulting the prescriber.

6. Right to information on drug/client Education : The patient has the right to know

the drug he/she is taking, desired and adverse effects and all there is to know about

the medication. The charter on patient’s right made this clear.

7. Right to Refuse Medication: The patient has the right to refuse any medication.

However, the nurse is obliged to explain to patients why the drug is prescribed and the

consequences refusing medication.

8. Right Assessment: Some medications require specific assessment before their

administration e.g. checking of vital signs. Before a medication like Digoxin is

administered the pulse must be checked. Some medication orders may contain

specific assessments to be done prior to medication

9. Right Documentation: Documentation should be done after medication and not

before.

10. Right Evaluation: Conduct assessment to ascertain drug action, both desired an

side effect.

C. NURSES RESPONSIBILITY IN DRUG ADMINISTRATION

I. Nurses responsibility in the administration of oral medications

❖ Check the diagnosis and age of the client

❖ Check the purpose of medication

❖ Check the identification of the client – the name, bed no.

❖ Check the physicians orders for the correct name of the drug, dosage, and

method of administration

❖ Check the nurses record for the time at which the last dose was given

❖ Check the symptoms of overdosage of the drug administered due to the

cumulative effect of the drug

❖ Check for any contraindications present in the client for an oral intake of the

medicine. Such as nausea , vomiting, delirium and unconscious, negative

attitude of the client to the intake of the medicine.

❖ Check the character of the drug – whether it can be taken safely by the oral

method

❖ Check the form of the drug available and the correct method of administration.

❖ Presence of oral and oesophageal lesions,

❖ Check the consciousness of the client and the ability to follow instructions

❖ Check the ability and limitations in swallowing the medications

❖ Check the articles available in the clients unit.

II. Nurses responsibility in the administration of Injections

❖ Check the diagnosis and age of the client

❖ Check the purpose of the injection

❖ Check the physicians orders for the type of injection , the dosage, the time and

the route of administration

❖ Check the clients name, bed number and other identification.

❖ Check the nurses record to find the time at which the last dose was given

❖ Check the symptoms of over dosage or allergic reactions etc.

❖ Check the necessity for giving test dose.

❖ Check the form of the medication availability and the correct method of

administration.

❖ Check the consciousness of the client and the ability to follow directions.

❖ Check the site of injection where the last dose was given and the site where the

next dose is to be given.

❖ Check the area for redness, pain, itching, induration, skin lesions, sloughing,

abscess formation . if anyone of the symptoms are present, report it to the

charge nurse and rotate the site.

❖ Check the clients previous experiences with the injections.

❖ Check the abilities and limitations.

4. A. Describe various forms of medication.

B. Explain the purpose and principals of oral medication

Ans. A. Various Forms of Medication:

Medications are available in variety of forms. The form of the medication determines

its route of administration

.• Drug forms can be of three types;

– Solid eg: tablet, capsule

– Liquid eg: syrup, eye drops

– Semi solid eg: ointment, lotion

• Tablet: It is the powdered medication compressed into hard disk or cylinder.

• Capsule: Medication covered in gelatin shell.

• Gel or jelly: A clear or translucent semisolid that liquefies when applied to the skin.

• Lozenge: A flat, round, or oval preparation that dissolves and releases a drug when

held in the mouth.

• Lotion: Drug particles in a solution for topical use.

• Ointment: Semisolid preparation containing a drug to be applied externally.

• Powder: Single or mixture of finely ground drugs.

• Solution: A drug dissolved in another substance.

• Suspension: Finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium; should be

shaken before use.

• Syrup: Medication combined in a water and sugar solution.

• Suppository: An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base such as gelatin

that is inserted into the body (rectum, vagina, urethra)

• Transdermal patch: Unit dose of medication applied directly to skin for diffusion

through skin and absorption into the bloodstream

B. PURPOSE AND PRINCIPALS OF ORAL MEDICATION

Purpose:

Medications are administered orally to produce local effect on the alimentary canal or

systemic effect after absorption into the blood stream.

Principals of oral medication:

• Principles include 3 checks and 10 Rights

➢ 3 checks are:

1. Check when obtaining the container of medicine.

2. Check when removing the medicine from the container.

3. Check when replacing the container.

➢ Rights of Medication Administration

1. Right Patient: correct identification of the client cannot be over

emphasized. This can be done by asking the client to mention his/her

full name which should be compared with that on the identification

bracelet or the patient’s folder and medication/treatment chart for

confirmation.

2. Right Medication: before administering any medicine, compare name

on medication chart/medication order with that on the medication at least

3 times-checking medication label when removing it from storage unit,

compare medication label with that on treatment chart and medication

label and name on treatment chart with patient’s name tag

3. Right Time: drug timing is very especially with some drugs like

antibiotics, antimalaria drugs etc. to achieve cure and prevents

resistance. Some drugs must be given on empty stomach e.g.

antituberculosis drugs; and some after meals e.g. NSAIDS-these must

be noted and adhered to The interval of administration of drugs should

also be adhered to because it is important for many drugs that the blood

concentration is not allowed to fall below a given level and for others two

successive doses closer than prescribed might increase blood

concentration to a dangerous level that can harm the patient.

4. Right Dose: This becomes very important when medications at hand

are in a larger volume or strength than the prescribed order given or

when the unit of measurement in the order is different from that supplied

from the pharmacy. Careful and correct calculation is important to

prevent over or under dosage of the medication.

5. Right Route : An acceptable medication order must specify the route of

medication. If this is unclear, the prescriber should be contacted to clarify

or specify it. The nurse should never decide on a route without consulting

the prescriber.

6. Right to information on drug/client education : The patient has the right

to know the drug he/she is taking, desired and adverse effects and all

there is to know about the medication. The charter on patient’s right

made this clear.

7. Right to Refuse Medication: The patient has the right to refuse any

medication. However, the nurse is obliged to explain to patients why the

drug is prescribed and the consequences refusing medication.

8. Right Assessment: Some medications require specific assessment

before their administration e.g. checking of vital signs. Before a

medication like Digoxin is administered the pulse must be checked.

Some medication orders may contain specific assessments to be done

prior to medication

9. Right Documentation: Documentation should be done after medication

and not before.

10. Right Evaluation: Conduct assessment to ascertain drug action, both

desired an side effect.

5. A. what is the meaning of IM injection.

B. Explain the various sites of IM Injection

C. Explain the steps in administration of IM injection

Ans: A. INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS

The angle of insertion for an IM injection is 90 degrees. 2 to 5 ml of medication can

be administered into a larger muscle for an adult.

B.SITES FOR IM INJECTIONS ARE:

➢ Ventrogluteal site

✓ Injection is given to gluteus medius muscle.

✓ Position client in prone or side lying position with the knee bent and

raised slightly toward the chest.

✓ The nurse places the heel of the hand on the client’s greater

trochanter, with the fingers pointing towards the client head.

✓ Point the thumb toward the patient’s groin and the index finger toward

the anterior superior iliac spine; extend the middle finger back along

the iliac crest toward the buttock.

✓ The index finger, the middle finger, and the iliac crest form a V-shaped

triangle; the injection site is the center of the triangle.

➢ Dorsogluteal site

✓ Injection is given to the gluteus maximus muscle.

✓ Position the client in prone position.

✓ Draw an imaginary line to divide the buttocks into 4 equal quadrants.

The injection site is upper outer quadrant.

➢ Vastus Lateralis

✓ The muscle is located on the anterior lateral aspect of the thigh.

✓ The land- mark is established by dividing the area between the greater

trochanter of the femur & the lateral femoral into thirds & selecting the

middle third.

➢ Deltoid Site Found on the lateral aspect of the upper arm.

✓ Locate the site by placing four fingers across the deltoid muscle, with

the top finger along the acromion process.

✓ The injection site is then three finger widths below the acromion

process

➢ Rectus Femoris

✓ it is used occasionally for IM injections.

✓ Situated on the anterior aspect of the thigh.

C. STEPS IN ADMINISTRATION OF IM INJECTION

1. Wash your hands.

Wash your hands with soap and warm water to prevent potential infection. Be

sure to thoroughly scrub between fingers, on the back of hands and under

fingernails.

2. Gather all needed supplies

Assemble the following supplies:

✓ Needle and syringe with medication

✓ Alcohol pads

✓ Gauze

✓ Puncture – resistant container to discard the used needles and syringe –

typically a red , plastic sharp container.

✓ Bandages

3. Locate injection site

To isolate the muscle and target where you’ll place the injection , spread the skin

at the injection site between two fingers . the person receiving the injection

should get into a position that’s comfortable, provides easy access to the location

, and keeps the muscles relaxed.

4. Clean injection site

Clean the site selected for injection with an alcohol swab and allow the skin to

air dry

5. Prepare syringe with medication

✓ Remove the cap

✓ Draw air into the syringe

✓ Insert air into the vial

✓ Remove air bubbles

6. Self injection with a syringe

✓ Insert the needle

✓ Check for blood

7. Inject the medication

Push the plunger slowly to inject the medication into the muscle.

8. Remove the needle

Withdraw the needle quickly and discard it into a puncture- resistant sharps

container. Don’t recap the needle.

9. Apply pressure to the injection site

Use a piece of gauze to apply light pressure to the injection site .you can even

massage the area to help the medicine be absorbed into the muscle. Its

normal to see slight bleeding. Use a bandage if necessary.

6. A. Define IV infusion

B. List down the purpose and sites of IV infusion

C. Explain the complications of IV infusion

Ans. A. INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION

Intravenous (IV): Injection into a vein. Some medications are administered into body

cavities.

Needle is injected into the vein. Direct IV or IV push, IV infusion. This is the most rapid

route of absorption of medications. Angle of insertion is 25 degree.

B. PURPOSES:

o Diagnostic purpose: to identify any disease

o Prophylaxis: to prevent the occurrence of disease. eg:- heparin to

prevent thrombosis or antibiotics to prevent infection.

o Therapeutic purpose : to cure the disease.

B. SITES FOR ADULTS :

➢ The veins on the arm are:

❖ Basilic vein

❖ Median cubital vein

❖ Dorsal veins

❖ Median vein

❖ Radial vein

❖ Cephalic vein

➢ The veins on the foot ;

❖ Great saphenous vein

❖ Dorsal plexus

C. COMPLICATIONS TO OBSERVE FOR DURING IV THERAPY

❖ Infiltration escape of fluid into subcutaneous tissue due to dislodgement of

the needle causing swelling and pain.

• Gross infiltration may result in nerve compression injury which can result in

permanent loss of function of extremity or in case of irritating medications

(vesicant), significant tissue loss, permanent disfigurement or loss of function

may result. When there is infiltration, the site should be changed and warm

compress should be applied.

❖ Phlebitis is the inflammation of the vein.

• This may result from mechanical trauma due to the insertion too big a needle

(for small vein) or leaving a device in place for a long time.

• Chemical trauma result s from irritation from solutions or infusing too rapidly.

• This manifests as pain or burning sensation along the vein.

• On observation, there may be redness, increased temperature over the course

of the vein.

❖ Circulatory Overload; the intravascular fluid compartment contains more fluid

than normal.

• This occurs when infusion is too rapid or excess volume is infused. This

manifests as dyspnoea, cough, frothy sputum and gurgling sounds on

aspiration.

❖ Embolism; obstruction of the blood vessels by travelling air emboli or clot of

the blood. It is fatal.

7. A. What is steam Inhalation

B. list down its purposes

C. explain the procedure of steam Inhalation

Ans. A.STEAM INHALATION

Inhalation is defined as the taking air or other vapours into lungs through mouth or

nose .It is the breathing of a vapour containing a medication

B.PURPOSES

o To relieve the inflammation of mucus membrane in acute colds &

sinusitis

o To relieve the irritation in bronchitis & whooping cough by moistening

o To provide the antiseptic action on the respiratory tract

o To provide warmth & moist air following operations ex: tracheostomy

o To soften secretions which are thick & tenacious

o To relieve the cough

C. PROCEDURE OF STEAM INHALATION

o Explain the procedure

o Wash hands

o Measure the capacity of the inhaler with cold water

o Measure the capacity when it is filled half to 2/3 full

o Warm the inhaler by pouring a little hot water into the jug & emptying it

o Pour the required amount of inhalant into the inhaler & fill the jug 2/3 with

hot water, the water should remain just below the spout

o If it is ordered, add tr. Benzoine

o Place the mouth piece &close the inhaler tightly , see that the mouth

piece is in the opposite direction to the spout

o Cover the mouth piece with a gauze piece & plug the spout with a cotton

ball

o Cover the inhaler with a towel

o Place the inhaler in the basin & take it to the bed side without losing time

o Place the apparatus conveniently in front of the patient with the spout

opposite to the patient, remove the cotton plug & discard it into the paper

bag

o Instruct the patient to inhale by mouth & exhale through the nose for 15-

20 minutes

o Keep a sputum cup & a face towel near the patient & observe him/her

frequently

o Remove the inhaler, keep the patient in a comfortable position & well

covered for an hour

o Record the treatment, its effectiveness & condition of the patient

o Wash the mouth piece of the inhaler with a swab & running water & boil

it for the next use

o Clean the drug glass with spirit swab sticks

o Clean all articles & replace properly

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SHORT ANSWERS

1. Define medication

Ans. A medication is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or

relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.

2. What is suppository?

Ans. Suppository: An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base such as

gelatine that is inserted into the body (rectum, vagina, urethra)

3. Mention any four routes of drug administration?

Ans. Route of administration

❖ Different route of drug administration are;

• Oral: Medications are given by mouth.

• Parenteral: Parenteral administration involves injecting a medication into body

tissues.

• Topical: Medications applied to the skin and mucous membranes (eye, ears, nose,

mouth, vagina, urethra, rectum).

• Inhalation: Administer inhaled medications through the nasal and oral passages or

endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes.

4. Expand – tid, q8h, qid , prn

Ans. Expanding of the following:

tid : three times per day.

q8h: every 8 hours.

qid: four times per day

prn: when needed / necessary

5. Mention any four forms of drugs

Ans. Medications are available in variety of forms. The form of the medication

determines its route of administration.

1. Tablet 2. Capsule 3. Gel or jelly

4. Lozenge 5. Lotion 6. Ointment

7. Powder 8.Solution 9.Suspension

10. Syrup 11.Suppository 12.Transdermal patch

6. List down the rights of medicine administration

Ans. They are 10 rights of medication:

1. Right Patient

2. Right Medication

3. Right Time

4. Right Dose

5. Right Route

6. Right to information on drug/client education

7. Right to Refuse Medication

8. Right Assessment

9. Right Documentation

10. Right Evaluation

7. Mention sites of IM injection

Ans. Intramuscular Injections • The angle of insertion for an IM injection is 90

degrees. 2 to 5 ml of medication can be administered into a larger muscle for an

adult.

Sites for IM injections are • Ventrogluteal

 • Dorsogluteal

 • Vastus Lateralis

 • Deltoid

 • Rectus Femoris

8. Which are the parts of a syringe and needle

Ans. Syringes:

Syringes have three parts:

1. The tip, which connects with the needle

2. The barrel, or outside part, on which the scales are printed

3. The plunger, which fits inside the barrel

Needles

• Most needles are made of stainless steel, and all are disposable.

A needle has three parts:

1. The hub, which fits onto the tip of a syringe

2. The shaft, which connects to the hub 

3. The bevel, the tip of the needle

9. What is topical administration of Medication?

Ans. Topical Medication Applications • Drugs are applied topically to the skin or

mucous membranes, mainly for local action.

Topical: Medications applied to the skin and mucous membranes (eye, ears, nose,

mouth, vagina, urethra, rectum).

10. Enlist routes of parenteral administration of medication

Ans. Parenteral Routes: Parenteral administration involves injecting a medication

into body tissues.

The following are the four major sites of injection:

1. Intradermal (ID): Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis.

2. Subcutaneous (SC): Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin.

3. Intramuscular (IM): Injection into a muscle.

4. Intravenous (IV): Injection into a vein.

Some medications are administered into body cavities. These additional routes

include

• Epidural: Epidural medications are administered in the epidural space.

• Intrathecal: Administration of medications into subarachnoid space or one of the

ventricles of the brain.

• Intraosseous: Administration of medication directly into the bone marrow.

• Intraperitoneal: Medications administered into the peritoneal cavity

• Intrapleural: Administration of medications directly into the pleural space.

• Intraarterial: Medications are administered directly into the arteries.

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