Bsc nursing 1st year Nutrition unit-7 Mineral
UNIT VII. AK media blog
MINERALS
SHORT ESSAY
1.DISCUSS THE ROLE OF MINERALS IN THE BODY.
Minerals are needed for the proper composition of body fluids, including blood, and for the proper composition of tissues, bone, teeth, muscles and nerves. Minerals also play a significant role in maintaining healthy nerve function, the regulation of muscle tone, and supporting a healthy cardiovascular system.
Calcium
Calcium is the top macro mineral when it comes to your bones. This mineral helps build strong bones, so you can do everything from standing up straight to scoring that winning goal. It also helps build strong, healthy teeth, for chomping on tasty food.
Iron
The body needs iron to transport oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Your entire body needs oxygen to stay healthy and alive. Iron helps because it's important in the formation of hemoglobin (say: HEE-muh-glo-bun), which is the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
Potassium
Potassium (say: puh-TAH-see-um) keeps your muscles and nervous system working properly.
Zinc
Zinc helps your immune system, which is your body's system for fighting off illnesses and infections. It also helps with cell growth and helps heal wounds, such as cuts.
2.Explain the absorption, storage and excretion of calcium. Add a note on factors affecting calcium absorption.
Calcium Absorption
Calcium absorption occurs by an active, carrier-dependent process and a passive, para cellular process. The active process is vitamin D-dependent, but the passive process is not. When calcium intakes are low, 25(OH)D is converted to 1,25(OH)2D, which upregulates transcription of calcium transport proteins in the gut. However, this homeostatic regulation mechanism is unable to correct for chronically low calcium intakes. If vitamin D stores are too low, conversion to 1,25(OH)2D is reduced.
Storage.
Calcium is stored in cells in a structure called the reticulum, a series of interconnected tubules and tiny sacs distributed throughout the cells. Too much calcium can cause cell injury or even death. ... Small changes in sodium concentration can produce large changes in calcium stores.
Excretion.
Calcium leaves the body mainly in urine and feces, but also in other body tissues and fluids, such as sweat. Calcium excretion in the urine is a function of the balance between the calcium load filtered by the kidneys and the efficiency of reabsorption from the renal tubules.
3.Explain the digestion, absorption, transport, storage and exertion of Iron.
Digestion and Absorption
The absorption of most dietary iron occurs in the duodenum and proximal jejunum and depends heavily on the physical state of the iron atom. At physiological pH, iron exists in the oxidized, ferric (Fe3+) state. To be absorbed, iron must be in the ferrous (Fe2+) state or bound by a protein such as heme.
Iron Transport & Storage
Transferrin is the major iron transport protein (transports iron through blood). Fe3+ is the form of iron that binds to transferrin, so the Fe2+ transported through feroportin must be oxidized to Fe3+. There are 2 copper-containing proteins that catalyze this oxidation of Fe2+: hephaestin and ceruloplasmin. Hephaestin is found in the membrane of enterocytes, while ceruloplasmin is the major copper transport protein in blood. Hephaestin is the primary protein that performs this function in a coupled manner (need to occur together) with transport through ferroportin. This means that the Fe2+ needs to be oxidized to be transported through ferroportin. Evidence suggests that ceruloplasmin is involved in oxidizing Fe2+ when iron status is low1. Once oxidized, Fe3+ binds to transferrin and is transported to a tissue cell that contains a transferrin receptor. Transferrin binds to the transferrin receptor and is endocytosed,.
Excretion
In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
4.What is daily requirement and functions of calcium
Age Male. Female
14-18years. 1300mg. 1300mg
19-50 years. 1000mg. 1000mg
51-70 years. 1000mg. 1200mg
71+ years. 1200mg. 1200mg
Functions of calcium
°Building strong bones and teeth.
°Clotting blood.
°Sending and receiving nerve signals.
°Squeezing and relaxing muscles.
°Releasing hormones and other chemicals.
°Keeping a normal heartbeat.
Mention the functions of Iron
a)Read on to find out the role of iron in the human body.
b)Iron helps oxygenate the blood. ...
°The key function of iron is to facilitate oxygen transport by haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of the erythrocytes (red blood cells)1.
c)Iron helps convert blood sugar to energy. ...
°Our bodies need iron to convert blood sugar to energy. It helps boost haemoglobin production and thus increases the transport of oxygen to help alleviate fatigue and tiredness. Also, the creation of enzymes (which play a vital role in the production of new cells, amino acids, hormones and neurotransmitters) also depends on iron.
d)Iron boosts the immune system. ...
Iron is vital for the proliferation of all cells including those of the immune system. Having an adequate amount of iron in your system will help your immune system to function helping you to support and maintain good health.
e)Iron aids cognitive function. ...
Iron deficiency can contribute to impaired cognitive function.
f)Iron supports healthy skin, hair and nails.
Iron supports enzyme systems that are involved in the synthesis of collagen and elastin. It helps the hair to become vibrant and shiny and it also helps prevent the nails from becoming brittle and dry by keeping them strong and moist. Our bodies dont produce iron by themselves and also lose it through a number of ways including menstruation, urination, defecation, sweat and the exfoliation of dead skin cells. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world.
5.Mention the functions of copper
Copper is an essential trace mineral necessary for survival. It is found in all body tissues and plays a role in making red blood cells and maintaining nerve cells and the immune system. It also helps the body form collagen and absorb iron, and plays a role in energy production
Functions.
°Copper works with iron to help the body form red blood cells.
°It also helps keep the blood vessels, nerves, immune system, and bones healthy.
°Copper also aids in iron absorption.
°Helping strengthen bones, joints and increasing bone mineral density, to lower the risk of debilitating illnesses like osteoporosis and arthritis
°Regulating blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels, by ensuring proper glucose, lipid metabolism and decreasing the chances of acquiring chronic conditions of hypertension, diabetes
°Preserving smooth relay of signals between nerves, to ensure optimal brain functions and responses across all organs in the body
°Controlling fundamental biological processes of new blood vessel formation or angiogenesis, gene expression in cells, tissues, neurological development, neurohormone production and pigment compounds i.e. melanin secretion
°Contributing to adequate white blood cells within the system, to support immunity, keep seasonal illnesses and infectious diseases due to bacteria, viruses at bay
6.Mention the function and deficiency of Phosphorus
Functions
°The main function of phosphorus is in the formation of bones and teeth.
°It plays an important role in how the body uses carbohydrates and fats.
Deficiency of phosphorus
Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency include loss of appetite, anxiety, bone pain, fragile bones, stiff joints, fatigue, irregular breathing, irritability, numbness, weakness, and weight change. In children, decreased growth and poor bone and tooth development may occur.
A reduced concentration of phosphate in the blood serum is a disorder known as hypophosphatemia. Phosphorus deficiency may cause bone diseases such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. An improper balance of phosphorus and calcium may cause osteoporosis.
7.Mention the functions of Zinc
✓Zinc is found in cells throughout the body.
✓It is needed for the body's defensive (immune) system to properly work.
✓It plays a role in cell division, cell growth, wound healing, and the breakdown of carbohydrates.
✓Zinc is also needed for the senses of smell and taste.
✓It helps the immune system fight off invading bacteria and viruses.
✓The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic material in all cells. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, the body needs zinc to grow and develop properly
9)What are sources and deficiency of Minerals?
An increased need for the mineral, lack of the mineral in the diet, or difficulty absorbing the mineral from food are some of the more common reasons. Mineral deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems, such as weak bones, fatigue, or a decreased immune system.
Minerals include calcium and iron amongst many others and are found in:
Meat.
Cereals.
Fish.
Milk and dairy foods.
Fruit and vegetables.
Nuts.
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